Sources
Every claim on ExamineIslam links back to a primary source you can open and read for yourself. Here is how the citations work and what to expect.
Islamic sources
- Qurʼān. Linked to quran.com. Default translation: the Clear Quran (id 131). Source cards display the Arabic, the translation, and word-by-word glosses where data is available.
- Ḥadīth. Linked to sunnah.com (Bukhārī, Muslim, Abū Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhī, al-Nasāʾī, Ibn Mājah, Mālik's Muwaṭṭaʾ).
- Tafsīr and sīra.al-Ṭabarī, al-Qurṭubī, Ibn Kathīr, al-Rāzī, Ibn Hishām's Sīrah, and modern Muslim scholarship as the question requires.
Biblical sources
- Translation. ESV by default, displayed inside source cards alongside the Greek or Hebrew.
- Original language. Greek for the New Testament, Hebrew for the Old Testament — drawn from open-source datasets (including MACULA), with word-by-word glosses checked against standard lexicons.
- Manuscripts. For passages with textual variants Muslims sometimes raise (1 John 5:7, John 7:53-8:11, Mark 16:9-20), source cards include short manuscript notes and link to the underlying evidence.
- External Bible reading. Where you want a longer passage, pages link to blueletterbible.org for ESV and parallel translations.
Methodology
For how we read these sources together — Islamic-internal first, Bible at full parity, never strawman, gospel-centered — see our method.